Ali Hamza

Ancient World

Why No One Can Read the Indus Script Yet

About 5,000 inscribed objects survive from the Indus civilization, yet not one sign has been read with certainty. Here is why the script has defeated a century of experts, and what it would take to crack it.

Astronomy

How Scientists Know the Age of the Universe

Several independent lines of evidence point to a universe about 13.8 billion years old. Here is how the measurements work, what the James Webb telescope has added, and the puzzle still unsolved.

Wellbeing

What Sleep Does for the Body and Mind

Nearly a third of US adults sleep less than seven hours a night. Sleep is not simply rest: it is when the body repairs itself and the brain stores what it has learned.